Despite a global surge in CS rates, AVD remains underutilised, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

The utilisation of assisted vaginal delivery (AVD), specifically vacuum extraction, and caesarean section (CS) during the second stage of labour presents both benefits and risks to mothers and newborns. These interventions are typically used for various maternal and foetal indications, such as prolonged labour, foetal distress, or maternal medical conditions.

The choice between AVD and CS should be tailored to individual circumstances, considering factors like decision-delivery-interval...