A urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to various infectious syndromes affecting the urinary tract, from the urethra to the kidneys1. UTIs are among the most common infections, with 50%-60% of women experiencing at least one in their lifetime1.
Typically, bacteria from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, known as Enterobacterales (e.g. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis), colonise the urethra or periurethral space, migrate to the bladder, and cause inflammation1. Rarely, bacteria in the bloodstream can migrate to the kidneys or...
