ED is defined as the total or partial inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Historically, its recognition dates back to ancient times, with early theories attributing ED to various causes like horseback riding or spiritual energy.
It was not until figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Andreas Vesalius made anatomical observations that understanding of penile anatomy progressed significantly.
Treatment options for ED have evolved significantly. Early interventions included herbal remedies, devices like vacuum erection devices, and invasive procedures like penile splints. The introduction of pharmacological treatments like sildenafil revolutionised ED management, offering effective solutions with relatively fewer side effects compared to previous methods.
Pharmacological treatments like PDE-5 inhibitors (eg sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil) are widely used due to their ability to enhance erectile function by prolonging the effects of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, thereby facilitating smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation in the penis. These medications are generally safe but have potential side effects like headache, flushing, and, rarely, priapism.
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